A new model from researchers at the University of Liège offers a cohesive explanation for near-death experiences (NDEs). The framework, named NEPTUNE (Neurophysiological Evolutionary Psychological Theory Understanding Near-death Experience), blends neurobiology, psychology, and evolutionary ideas to better explain these dramatic episodes triggered by life-threatening events.
In summary, NEPTUNE suggests that physiological stress near critical moments—such as reduced oxygen supply, elevated carbon dioxide, and disrupted brain energy metabolism—drives the vivid perceptual and emotional phenomena associated with NDEs. Reports commonly include out-of-body sensations, time distortion, and intense feelings of peace, often accompanied by bright lights, tunnels, or symbolic imagery.
What makes NEPTUNE notable is its attempt to unify competing explanations. By integrating data from clinical cases, animal studies, and research on psychedelic effects, the model identifies common brain disruptions during events like cardiac arrest. Diminished cerebral blood flow can cause hypoxia and higher carbon dioxide, leading to metabolic stress and reduced ATP. This cascade influences brain signaling in ways linked to the characteristic experiences of NDEs.
Key biological pathways involve neurotransmitters such as serotonin, which can trigger vivid visuals through 5-HT2A receptor activity, and dopamine, which may heighten emotional intensity. Noradrenaline and acetylcholine are thought to support memory recall, including life reviews described by some observers. In addition, GABA and endorphins may contribute to the calming sensations often reported during these states.
The model also notes parallels between NDEs and states produced by psychedelic substances like DMT and ketamine, which impact similar receptor systems. Individual factors—such as a predisposition to dissociation or REM sleep intrusions—could influence susceptibility to NDEs under extreme stress. Some researchers see evolutionary echoes in these experiences, suggesting they may reflect ancient survival strategies.
NEPTUNE remains theoretical but is designed to guide future research. Scientists aim to test its tenets with advanced brain imaging, physiological monitoring, and studies of brain activity as death becomes imminent. The work also invites discussion about consciousness during severe illness and could influence how brain death is considered in medical practice, especially as post-event brain activity patterns continue to be explored.
In Thailand, where spiritual and cultural interpretations of NDEs are deeply rooted, this research offers a bridge between tradition and science. Framing these experiences within a scientific context while honoring local beliefs can enrich public dialogue about life, consciousness, and health.
Looking ahead, Thai health professionals, educators, and policymakers may draw on these insights to inform training, public health communication, and cross-cultural education. As research advances, readers are encouraged to follow developments validating the NEPTUNE model and its exploration of how physiological processes shape extraordinary human experiences.
Data and insights come from research conducted at a leading university in Belgium, with ongoing international collaboration. According to researchers, further empirical validation is essential to refine this integrative framework.