A groundbreaking international study has pinpointed a specific region in the brain responsible for deciding how generous we are with friends versus strangers. Researchers from Germany and South Africa have discovered that damage to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) sharply reduces our willingness to share with anyone outside our closest social circle—while generosity toward close friends stays intact. The findings, published recently in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, offer intriguing new insights into the biological roots of kindness and selfishness, and may have implications for understanding social disorders.
For many Thai readers, generosity or “nam jai” (น้ำใจ) is seen as a cultural cornerstone, whether in temple offerings, acts of สังฆทาน, or simply helping a neighbor during flood season. However, most people have noticed that our resource-sharing habits change depending on how close we feel to a person—a tendency scientists label as “social discounting.” This latest research helps demystify the brain mechanism behind why we might freely give to family or longtime friends, but hesitate when approached by strangers or mere acquaintances.
The study focused on five South African women with a rare genetic condition called Urbach-Wiethe disease (UWD) that destroys the BLA, while leaving other mental faculties mostly unscathed. Scientists compared these women to similarly aged, culturally matched volunteers without the condition. The experiment was simple but insightful: participants imagined sharing a sum of 200 South African Rand (just under 500 Thai baht) with eight people spanning their social ladder—from best friend (distance 1) to total stranger (distance 100). While healthy participants, as expected, gradually tightened their purse strings as social distance grew, those with BLA damage became dramatically selfish toward all but their innermost circle. In fact, for one patient, even close connections didn’t inspire much generosity.
This nuanced result bridges conflicting evidence from previous brain studies. On one hand, some research found that amygdala damage can actually make people more altruistic, especially in abstract moral tests or anonymous games of trust. But this new study clarifies that the BLA isn’t a simple “kindness switch.” Rather, it operates as a “social calculator,” dynamically adjusting our generosity depending on emotional closeness.
“When you lose BLA function, you revert to maximum self-interest—except for your very closest friends,” said the researchers. Evolutionary psychology supports this, suggesting that our brains evolved to prioritize sharing with people most likely to reciprocate, while avoiding exploitation from outsiders. “In many ways, it’s adaptive for the brain to save its greatest generosity for those bonds essential to survival and mutual support,” the team explained.
This discovery is not just theoretical. Understanding how the brain’s social calculator works could have practical significance for Thailand’s communities. Conditions like psychopathy and certain forms of aggression—in which people show little concern for others—have long been linked to amygdala dysfunction. Better understanding the BLA’s role could one day inform interventions to promote prosocial behavior or treat social disorders.
For Thais, whose social landscape often revolves around extended family, village community, and intricate networks of acquaintances and kin, these findings are especially relevant. They invite us to reflect on how our cultural ideals of water-like generosity intersect with deeply rooted biological mechanisms. It also raises questions about education: can schools or social programs help “train” the brain’s generosity calculator, encouraging empathy across greater social distances?
Looking ahead, the researchers are eager to explore whether interventions—perhaps mindfulness meditation, established as effective in promoting compassion (ดูตัวอย่างโครงการฝึกสติในเมืองไทย)—might modulate activity in the BLA, thereby influencing generosity behavior. Moreover, the study lays the groundwork for examining whether similar patterns exist across different age groups, genders, and cultures—including among Thai people, for whom social harmony (ความสามัคคี) is a prized value.
For readers interested in cultivating generosity, the science affirms traditional Thai wisdom: while it’s natural to favor family and close friends, conscious effort—through volunteering, community work, or just a simple act of kindness to a stranger—may help expand our circle of care. Teachers and parents can encourage students to think beyond their immediate “ingroup”, using school activities that promote collaboration, empathy, and understanding.
In short, the next time you hesitate before offering help to someone outside your inner circle, take heart: it’s not just a matter of upbringing or social norms, but also the invisible calculations your brain makes every day. However, as both science and Thai culture suggest, awareness and intention can help us override these instincts, making society more generous and interconnected for all. You can read the full study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences or through reporting by StudyFinds here.