A new international study questions two decades of climate pledges in tourism, showing the sector’s progress toward reducing emissions has been limited. Conducted by researchers at Linnaeus University in Sweden and the University of Waterloo in Canada, the analysis reviews major climate declarations since 2003 by governments and tourism bodies. Although commitments are plentiful, concrete emissions cuts remain elusive. For Thailand, a top global travel destination, the findings carry urgent implications as the sector drives growth while facing growing demands for environmental responsibility.
In Thailand, tourism is a national economic pillar. Pre-pandemic data show more than 39 million international arrivals in 2019, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. The industry’s health intertwines with ecosystems from national parks to coral reefs and northern forests. The study notes tourism’s vulnerability to climate impacts—sea-level rise threatens coastal resorts, while heat and extreme weather alter travel patterns. Equally, tourism remains a major source of emissions, accounting for roughly 9% of global greenhouse gases.
The research assesses four landmark climate agreements: the 2003 Djerba Declaration, the 2007 Davos Declaration, the 2021 Glasgow Declaration, and the 2024 Baku Declaration. While the pledges sparked broad support—from governments to major travel platforms—the path to real emissions reductions has lagged. Researchers caution that progress has not matched the rhetoric, despite better tracking and measurement tools.
Accountability gaps emerge as a persistent hurdle. The 2007 Davos Declaration promised an emissions monitoring system, yet none was realized. The Glasgow Declaration, signed by more than 900 organizations, had fewer than 30% of signatories submitting climate action plans by late 2024—a finding that raises questions about enforcement and follow-through. UN Tourism explains that the Glasgow framework introduced a monitoring element to enhance transparency, with the first progress report anticipated soon.
Progress under the 2024 Baku Declaration appears mixed. It is praised as the most ambitious global pact to date, supported by 69 countries, including several that coordinate climate policy across tourism and other sectors. Yet critics highlight ambiguous language like “where applicable” and “where relevant,” which could dilute commitments in practice.
Thai stakeholders emphasize that high-level pledges must translate into concrete decarbonization. The Tourism Authority of Thailand has advanced sustainability initiatives, including eco-certification schemes for hotels and transport. Nevertheless, the research underscores that aviation, cruise travel, and mass transit—hard-to-decarbonize sectors—pose ongoing challenges for a country dependent on tourism. Coastal and island communities exemplify the dual pressures of environmental protection and tourism growth.
Experts warn that time is running out. A Linnaeus University tourism professor quoted in coverage argues for bold leadership: tourism is highly exposed to climate risks yet can become a leader in systemic change through practical, pioneering actions. In Thailand, scholars and government officials advocate for integrated national climate strategies that align with global targets while addressing local realities, such as managing seasonal demand and supporting low-emission travel options.
Looking ahead, coordination among international bodies like UN Tourism is crucial. A unified, transparent framework could help align governments, businesses, and non-state actors. The goal is credible, measurable progress that anchors policy in science and local wisdom. Thailand can contribute by pursuing binding emissions targets, supporting climate-smart SMEs, incentivizing decarbonization of transport links to key destinations, and promoting domestic travel during off-peak periods.
For travelers and communities, immediate steps are practical and accessible. Choosing eco-certified accommodations, preferring train or bus travel where feasible, reducing waste, and supporting local, sustainable operators can generate real impact. Thai tourism businesses that embrace ambitious sustainability practices may gain global credibility and competitive advantage, while communities benefit from healthier environments and resilient tourism.
Ultimately, the study’s message is clear: pledges alone cannot secure a sustainable future for global tourism or protect Thailand’s cultural and natural assets. Real progress requires transparent reporting, clear targets, and sustained collaboration among policymakers, businesses, communities, and travelers. The next twenty years must be steered by rigorous science, practical action, and a culturally grounded approach that respects Thailand’s values and ecosystems.
Practical steps for progress include advocating for transparent emissions reporting across sectors, supporting certified low-impact travel providers, engaging in local conservation efforts, and staying informed about evidence-based climate strategies. With climate change increasingly shaping life in Thailand, tourism can and should become a model of sustainable development.
In summary, the study invites a sober reassessment of decades of promises. By integrating robust measurement, policy alignment, and local expertise, Thailand can lead in delivering tangible climate benefits through responsible tourism.