New research highlighted during World Infertility Awareness Month and reported by mainstream outlets has shed light on five modifiable lifestyle factors that may quietly affect men’s reproductive health. As Thai families increasingly seek answers to fertility challenges, these findings offer practical guidance for personal wellness and future family planning.
While infertility discussions often spotlight women, experts emphasize that male factors contribute to roughly one third of global cases. Sperm quantity, quality, and hormone regulation can be influenced by daily choices. With nearly 186 million people affected by infertility worldwide and a substantial share related to male health, understanding these risks remains urgent. Data from leading researchers suggests obesity, smoking, poor diet, environmental exposures, and stress are key drivers of compromised fertility.
In Thailand, declining birth rates and the growth of advanced reproductive technologies have brought male reproductive health into public conversation. University hospitals and fertility clinics report more men seeking evaluations, marking a shift from past norms where such topics were less openly discussed.
Five lifestyle factors most frequently linked to reduced male fertility are cannabis use, alcohol consumption, smoking, overweight and obesity, and chronic stress. These factors, though common in daily life, can affect sperm through interconnected biological pathways, including oxidative stress and hormonal balance.
Over the past five years, research has strengthened the link between lifestyle and male fertility. A 2025 international review of andrology shows how obesity, poor diet, tobacco and alcohol use, chronic stress, and environmental exposures converge on sperm DNA damage through oxidative stress. When reactive oxygen species overwhelm the body’s antioxidant defenses, sperm motility, shape, and viability can decline.
Here is a breakdown of the latest evidence for each factor:
Marijuana Use Studies from North America and Europe indicate that cannabis consumption is associated with lower sperm concentration and altered sperm morphology, as well as hormonal disruptions. The active compound THC interacts with the endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate sperm movement and hormone signals. Regular cannabis use has been linked to reduced sperm counts, and experts advise limiting use when trying to conceive.
In Thailand, shifts in cannabis policy and growing social acceptance have increased availability. Health professionals caution that men planning families should consider abstaining or moderating use, aligning with broader fertility guidance.
Alcohol Consumption Chronic or heavy drinking disrupts hormone balance and can reduce sperm volume and lead to abnormal sperm shapes. While moderate drinking may have less impact for some, persistent heavy use is consistently linked to longer times to conceive and higher risks of miscarriage or genetic issues in offspring. Thai public health authorities note rising alcohol marketing in urban areas and urge men of reproductive age to moderate intake when planning a family.
Smoking (Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes) Tobacco smoke contains thousands of toxins that can damage sperm DNA. It is linked to lower sperm concentration and motility, more DNA fragmentation, and increased occurrence of abnormal sperm forms. Emerging evidence suggests electronic cigarette vapors may have similar effects. Even occasional smoking raises infertility risk, with greater risk for heavier use. Thailand continues to implement tobacco-control efforts as part of broader reproductive health education.
Obesity and Physical Inactivity Excess body weight disrupts hormonal balance and increases scrotal temperature, impairing sperm development. Obesity is associated with lower testosterone and higher estrogen, plus potential impacts on sperm DNA. Sedentary lifestyles common in fast-paced urban settings can compound these effects, though moderate, regular activity improves sperm quality and hormone balance. Thai-friendly activities such as walking, cycling, and traditional dances can support healthier bodies and reproductive health.
High Stress Levels Chronic stress elevates cortisol, which can suppress testosterone and disrupt the hormone rhythms crucial for sperm production. In Thai society, family expectations and the stigma around infertility can heighten stress. Mindfulness practices, meditation, and counseling are increasingly integrated into fertility programs and are culturally resonant coping strategies.
Environmental and Nutritional Considerations Beyond personal habits, exposure to pollution, pesticides, and certain chemicals may affect fertility. Some workers in high-pollution environments show altered semen parameters. The role of environmental factors is an active area of study worldwide. Nutrition also plays a meaningful role: diets rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, fish, and healthy fats support better sperm health. Specific nutrients like zinc, selenium, folate, coenzyme Q10, and omega-3s are important for semen quality. For Thai readers, incorporating local produce—such as leafy greens, papaya, guava, brown rice, and seafood—can boost antioxidant intake and overall health.
Expert guidance and practical steps Experts across reproductive medicine emphasize that lifestyle and environmental factors are modifiable. For couples trying to conceive, prioritizing a stable, nutritious diet, regular physical activity, stress management, and reduced cannabis and alcohol use can improve fertility. Open discussions with healthcare providers about substance use, exposures, and occupational risks are recommended.
Thailand’s fertility clinics are increasingly offering lifestyle counseling as part of standard care. Programs may include nutrition education, smoking cessation support, mindfulness training, and guided group exercise designed for men seeking to optimize fertility.
What Thai readers can do now
- Limit cannabis and tobacco use. If cannabis use is medically necessary, consult a physician.
- Moderate alcohol intake. Experts suggest mindful consumption, with no more than moderate levels when planning a pregnancy.
- Aim for a healthy body weight through gradual, sustainable changes and regular activity.
- Favor traditional, wholesome foods: fresh vegetables, fruit, brown rice, fish, and nuts.
- Manage stress with mindfulness, meditation, or professional support as needed.
- Reduce environmental exposures where possible, especially in high-pollution workplaces.
- Be mindful of device placement; avoid keeping laptops or phones directly on the lap or near the groin for extended periods.
Thai public health and policy context Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health recognizes reproductive health as a shared responsibility across genders. Digital fertility screening and public health initiatives are being explored, with emphasis on reducing environmental risks and promoting healthier lifestyles. Communities, including faith-based and cultural centers, are increasingly engaging in conversations about fertility that blend traditional values with modern science.
Future directions Ongoing research aims to clarify how environmental toxins and technology affect fertility, with international and local studies monitoring sperm quality trends and broader health outcomes. Policymakers are considering integrating reproductive health education into schools and national health goals, acknowledging fertility as a societal priority alongside economic and environmental well-being.
Takeaway for Thai families The latest evidence reinforces that many root causes of male infertility are within personal and community control. By adopting healthier habits, engaging with healthcare providers, and leveraging culturally resonant wellness approaches, Thai men and families can support better reproductive health now and for the future.