In Thailand’s forests and herbal markets, the mystical power of krissana—internationally known as Aquilaria crassna—has echoed through centuries of folk healing, spiritual ritual, and cultural lore. Often identified by its evocative aroma and precious resin, this revered wood transcends mere material value, becoming a symbol of spiritual potency, healing, and Thai identity. But, in a modern era where evidence-based medicine prevails, krissana now faces the scrutiny of laboratories and clinical research, challenging ancient beliefs with the lens of science. What emerges is a poignant story at the crossroads of tradition and discovery: a fragrant journey of ancient healing, contemporary pharmacology, and rediscovered wisdom.
Belonging to the Thymelaeaceae family, Aquilaria crassna, known in Thai as กฤษณา (krissana), grows natively across Thailand’s eastern, northeastern, northern, and southeastern regions, as well as in other parts of Southeast Asia. The tree’s fame arises from its core: when infected by specific fungi, the heartwood secretes a resinous substance known as agarwood or “oud,” prized in incense, perfumery, traditional medicine, and spiritual ceremonies across Buddhist, Hindu, and Islamic cultures (Taylor & Francis). In Thailand, krissana appears not only in temples and high-end markets but is also woven into the wisdom of rural healers and the annals of royal pharmacy.
The use of krissana in Thai traditional medicine spans a vast range of pharmacological applications. Historically, various parts of the tree—including wood, leaves, and resin—have been prescribed for complaints such as fever, pain, digestive disorders, skin diseases, and even as a cardiac tonic for fainting. Krissana is a key ingredient in “krisanaglun,” an antispasmodic and antidiarrheal herbal formulation long favored in local apothecaries (PMC3765429). The burning of agarwood chips, integral to religious rites and spirit-invoking ceremonies, remains a potent symbol within Thai cultural and spiritual heritage, signifying purification, communication with the divine, and the gentle ushering of spirits of ancestors into the afterlife (ThaiScience).
Yet, beyond its sacred and folkloric significance, krissana has also been used in more mundane ways—its young leaves brewed into herbal teas, now widely available in Thai markets, touted for their health-promoting and antioxidant qualities. But does the veneration of this aromatic treasure stand up to scientific investigation? A wave of pharmacological research in the last two decades has begun to answer that question.
Scientific validation has focused on a spectrum of medicinal possibilities, from antimicrobial and antioxidant effects to analgesic, antipyretic, and skin health applications. Laboratory studies confirm that extracts of Aquilaria crassna leaves possess significant antibacterial activity, particularly against pathogens responsible for infectious skin and gastrointestinal diseases. In controlled studies, krissana leaf extracts have demonstrated efficacy in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis—a common cause of skin infections and nosocomial diseases in vulnerable patients—by disrupting bacterial cell walls and impeding biofilm formation, a primary mechanism of microbial resistance (PMC3765429). The extract’s bactericidal effects, coupled with a high safety margin uncovered in acute toxicity tests on laboratory animals, have earned it serious consideration as a natural candidate for phytomedicine development.
Further research has revealed the highly antioxidant nature of krissana, with leaf extracts showing substantial radical-scavenging activity in laboratory assays (PMC3765429). These findings align with traditional claims, as the oxidative stress reduction suggests possible roles in supporting overall health and slowing mechanisms linked to aging and chronic disease. One clinical study evaluating the use of krissana leaf extract in a facial mask formulation found that the extract significantly improved skin hydration in healthy volunteers over eight weeks, with no reported adverse effects at appropriate lower concentrations (SciTechAsia). Such evidence bolsters the inclusion of krissana leaf products in the rising segment of natural cosmetics and wellness supplements.
Of particular interest to health practitioners are krissana’s effects on pain and fever, classic domains of traditional herbal use. In animal studies, oral administration of Aquilaria crassna leaf extracts resulted in notable antipyretic (fever-reducing) and analgesic (pain-relieving) activities comparable to established pharmaceuticals, without acute toxicity or behavioral changes in test rodents (PMC3545235). However, the same studies observed no significant anti-inflammatory activity at tested doses, suggesting its mode of action may more closely resemble paracetamol—acting centrally rather than peripherally, and distinguishing krissana from traditional anti-inflammatory herbs.
The chemical complexity of krissana is a mainstay of its pharmacological interest. Modern phytochemical investigations have identified a trove of bioactive compounds, foremost of which are flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and a series of unique chromone derivatives and sesquiterpenoids. Many of these contribute to the plant’s reputed antibacterial and antioxidant properties, as well as to its roles in modulating pain and fever. Notably, one component, mangiferin, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antiglycation actions, hinting at further possibilities in addressing age-related skin and metabolic conditions (ScienceDirect). This convergence of multidimensional bioactivity typifies krissana’s enduring appeal: a plant of ancient tales and modern promise.
Despite increasingly encouraging data, important safety considerations and scientific caveats remain. Although in vivo studies reveal minimal toxicity—even at high doses—rigorous clinical testing in humans is still limited. Potential interactions with pharmaceutical drugs, particularly in those with chronic diseases or complex medications, remain largely unexplored. Allergic reactions and individual sensitivities are always possible, as highlighted by observations of mild skin irritation at higher concentrations in topical applications (SciTechAsia). Experts stress the crucial importance of consulting a medical professional before incorporating krissana—or any herbal remedy—into healthcare regimens, especially for pregnant women, children, and those with pre-existing medical conditions (Frontiers in Pharmacology).
For Thai society, krissana is more than an herbal product. Its endangered status, driven by high international demand and unsustainable wild harvesting of aged resinous trees, has prompted conservation efforts and sustainable cultivation initiatives across Thailand (Wikipedia). This preserves not just the species but the intricate tapestry of cultural, economic, and spiritual heritage woven into every fragrant chip, potion, and cup of krissana tea. In some village economies, krissana cultivation now supports local livelihoods, blending ancient stewardship with modern agroforestry.
Looking ahead, the future of krissana in Thai traditional and integrative medicine is set to be defined by several key trends. Increasing scientific research into its bioactive components may yield new pharmaceutical leads and nutraceutical products. Demand for natural and culturally authentic health solutions is likely to continue to rise, both in Thailand and globally. However, this must be balanced with responsible sourcing, conservation, and transparent safety communication. Thai educational campaigns, conservation programs, and quality standards for herbal products will be critical in safeguarding both public health and national heritage.
For health-conscious Thai readers curious about krissana, the message is twofold: embrace the plant’s heritage as a source of well-being, but let knowledge and caution shape your use. While krissana offers antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, antimicrobial, and cosmetic potential validated by emerging science, the complexity of plant medicine—and of our own bodies—means there are no miracle cures. If considering krissana tea, topical applications, or herbal blends, be attentive to personal reactions and health background. Where possible, select sustainably sourced and quality-controlled products, and always consult a qualified healthcare professional before adding any new remedy to your health routine. In this way, Thais can continue to honor the wisdom of their ancestors—preserving both the spirit and substance of krissana—for generations to come.
Sources:
- Antibacterial activity of Aquilaria crassna leaf extract
- Antipyretic, analgesic and anti-oxidative activities of Aquilaria crassna leaves extract
- Thai Medicinal Uses of Agarwood (Aquilaria crassna)
- Efficacy and Safety of a Facial Mask Containing Aquilaria crassna Leaf Extract
- Assessment of the bioactive components of Aquilaria crassna
- Wikipedia: Aquilaria crassna
- Pharmacology and therapeutic potential of agarwood
This article is for educational purposes only and should not be taken as medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider before starting any new herbal or alternative remedy.