In the lush tapestry of Southeast Asian gardens and hedgerows, the fiery foliage of Jatropha multifida—known in Thailand as ‘fin ton’ or sometimes ‘malako farang’ and ‘ma hung daeng’—stands as a quiet testament to both botanical beauty and ancient healing. Revered in traditional medicine across continents, this coral-like shrub is more than an ornamental; it is a living bridge between folk wisdom and the frontiers of scientific exploration.
The significance of Jatropha multifida, called in English the coral plant, takes root in a heritage that spans tropical America to the old civilizations of Asia and Africa. In Thai herbal lore, the plant’s bark, leaves, roots, and especially the latex have been treasured for their medicinal properties. Across Thailand, it has been included in remedies like the Tri-Kesornmas or Tri-Kasorn-Mas formula—a classical herbal composition valued for its purported energizing and restorative powers (JAPSON Online). Yet, like many traditional remedies, the legacy of Jatropha multifida is complex: straddling hope and hazard, promise and caution.
Jatropha multifida is a striking, multi-lobed plant from the Euphorbiaceae family (Wikipedia), first introduced to Asia from its native range in the Americas centuries ago. In Bangkok and throughout northern Thailand, it is still grown in home gardens and temple compounds—sometimes as a living fence, sometimes specifically for its medicinal applications (PROSEA). According to botanical records, the plant’s traditional uses are wide-ranging: latex is dabbed on wounds, ulcers, and scabies; roasted roots are taken for digestive troubles; leaf decoctions are used as purgatives; and seed oils have been employed to treat skin and rheumatic conditions (PROSEA, NParks Singapore). In Indonesia and the Philippines, its local name even translates as “iodine,” reflecting the healing reputation of its latex for treating cuts and abrasions.
The cultural appeal of Jatropha multifida in Thai society lies not just in its pharmacological applications but in its symbolic and everyday roles. The plant is widely grown for its vibrant aesthetic in temple gardens, emblematic of purity, protection, and regeneration—qualities reflected in its role as both a physical and spiritual remedy. Folk healers have passed down knowledge of its applications for treating wounds, fevers, pain, and various inflammatory disorders, often integrating the herb into holistic therapies alongside prayers and rituals.
Yet, traditional wisdom has always walked hand in hand with practical caution: folk usage often came with warnings about the intensity of its purgative power and the potential for poisoning, especially from the seeds and oil. In some cases, the plant has even been used as a fish poison—a reminder of its potent biological activity (PROSEA, Useful Tropical Plants).
As scientific inquiry shines its light on this heritage, what has modern research revealed? Pharmacological studies across Africa, South America, and Asia are converging on several key points. Extracts of Jatropha multifida display notable antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Research published in peer-reviewed journals shows that the latex and leaf extracts can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi implicated in wound infections, while animal studies suggest mild anti-inflammatory effects (PMC, Medcrave Online). The plant’s bioactive chemicals include flavonoids, phenols, cyclic peptides (like labaditin), and cyanoglucosides, each contributing to its pharmacological profile (PROSEA, Phytochemistry).
In a 2016 study, extracts from the leaves showed both antibacterial and wound-healing properties, supporting many of the historic uses in folk medicine (PMC). The root and bark have been identified as sources of compounds with weak antioxidant and anti-ulcer activities (Medcrave Online). In Thailand, its inclusion in the Tri-Kasorn-Mas remedy—a formula officially registered as a Herbal Medicinal Product by the Thai Ministry of Public Health—highlights its ongoing relevance in contemporary herbal therapy (ThaiJo).
However, the story of Jatropha multifida is not solely about healing. Scientific reports and clinical case studies urge careful consideration of the plant’s toxicity. Seeds and latex contain potent toxins such as curcin and ricin-like proteins, which can cause severe gastrointestinal distress, dehydration, kidney and liver dysfunction, and even death if ingested in high quantities (ScienceDirect, PubMed). Both human and animal poisoning cases have been documented following the accidental or intentional ingestion of seeds and plant extracts. Children, by virtue of their smaller body size and exploratory behavior, are particularly at risk (PMC, MedPulse). Even topical use of the latex must be approached with care, as it can provoke skin irritations or allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
In this context, Thailand’s approach to traditional herbal medicines, including Jatropha multifida, reflects a cautious balance. Herbal practitioners often emphasize proper dosage, preparation, and the necessity of avoiding use by vulnerable populations such as young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses.
Despite toxicological warnings, the promise of Jatropha multifida persists. Ongoing research is investigating its bioactive compounds for use in pharmaceuticals, wound care products, and even as natural pesticides (Taylor & Francis Online, Biological Activities Review). In recent years, Thai universities and research hospitals have begun collaborating with traditional healers to validate, refine, and regulate formulations derived from the coral plant, aiming to preserve precious folk knowledge while ensuring public safety.
From a cultural perspective, the resilience of Jatropha multifida in Thai herbalism mirrors a broader commitment to integrating traditional medicine into the national health system. Just as “yaa Thai” (Thai herbal remedies) are finding new stature in clinics and hospitals, traditional preparations like Tri-Kesornmas help anchor health practices in Thailand’s diverse ecological and spiritual heritage (JAPSON Online). In many rural provinces, local healers continue to use the plant as an adjunct in treating chronic wounds or skin conditions—often blending modern antiseptics with time-honored plant poultices.
Looking ahead, the future of Jatropha multifida in medicine hinges on evidence-based research, community education, and thoughtful regulation. Advances in analytical chemistry and toxicology promise to unlock safer methods of extracting beneficial compounds, while public health campaigns can educate Thais on distinguishing between the plant’s therapeutic and potentially dangerous uses.
For Thai readers interested in herbal remedies, a few recommendations stand out. Jatropha multifida exemplifies the interplay between heritage and science: value its role in the rich tapestry of Thai medicine, but approach its use mindfully, under the guidance of trained healthcare professionals. Always seek out approved herbal products, particularly those registered with Thailand’s Ministry of Public Health, and recall that “natural” does not necessarily mean “safe.” If considering topical or oral use of Jatropha multifida or traditional remedies containing it, consult with an experienced practitioner or physician—especially if you are managing a chronic condition, taking other medications, or are part of a vulnerable group.
As with all traditional medicines, education and respect are the best pathways toward safe and effective integration of ancient wisdom into modern life. The coral plant, in its brilliant beauty and remarkable chemistry, remains a powerful symbol of Thai herbal heritage—best honored not just in gardens and remedies, but in the shared pursuit of health and knowledge.
Sources:
- PROSEA: Plant Resources of South-East Asia—Jatropha multifida
- Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Jatropha multifida—PMC
- Tri-Kesornmas remedy in Thai medicine—JAPSON Online
- Toxicology and traditional uses of Jatropha species—ScienceDirect
- Jatropha multifida: National Parks Board of Singapore (NParks)
- Wikipedia: Jatropha multifida
- Medcrave Online: Antioxidant Activity of Jatropha multifida
- Taylor & Francis: Review of Jatropha toxicity
- Tri-Kasorn-Mas: ThaiJo Journal