#Neuroscience

New analyses and replication attempts have cast serious doubt on the long-standing “carpentered world” explanation for why people perceive certain visual illusions differently across cultures, forcing scientists to rethink how environment, experience and culture shape vision. Once widely taught as a clear example of cultural influence on perception — the idea that people raised in rectangular, “carpentered” built environments are more susceptible to line-length illusions — the hypothesis now appears overstated, methodologically fragile and unable to account for the full pattern of results seen across global and modern populations. For Thailand this means re-evaluating assumptions used in education, design, public health messaging and cross-cultural psychology research, while urging larger, locally led studies that reflect the country’s urban-rural diversity and rich visual traditions.

Researchers say a protein called ferritin light chain 1 (FTL1) can be dialled down to restore memory performance in aged mice, a finding described as a true reversal of age-related cognitive decline rather than simple slowing. The study used genetic tools and viral delivery to reduce FTL1 in the hippocampus, the brain’s memory centre, and reported that older mice regained memory and learning abilities comparable to much younger animals. Published in a leading ageing journal, the experiment points to iron-handling and cellular energy as central mechanisms in normal brain ageing and opens a new therapeutic avenue distinct from decades of Alzheimer’s research focused on amyloid and tau. For Thai readers worried about a parent’s forgetfulness or the growing social and economic cost of cognitive decline, the study brings hope but also important caveats about how mouse findings translate to humans.

A new report shows the brain uses rejection as a learning signal. ( PsyPost article )

This finding matters for Thai families, schools, and workplaces. ( PsyPost article )

Social rejection hurts people emotionally and physically. ( Eisenberger et al., 2003 )

Researchers have long compared social pain to physical pain. ( Eisenberger et al., 2003 )

The new research shifts the focus from pain to learning. ( PsyPost article )

The study used behavioral tests and brain imaging. ( PsyPost article )

Groundbreaking neuroscience discoveries show that social rejection functions as a sophisticated learning mechanism, offering profound insights for Thai families navigating collective harmony while protecting individual emotional wellbeing.

The Hidden Gift Inside Social Pain

For generations, Thai parents have witnessed their children’s heartbreak when excluded from peer groups, while Buddhist teachings emphasize that suffering contains wisdom. Now revolutionary brain imaging research from leading neuroscience institutions validates this ancient understanding, revealing that rejection activates specialized neural circuits designed to refine our social intelligence rather than simply inflict emotional damage.

A new study shows that those sudden flashes of insight we call “eureka” moments are not wholly random: measurable changes in behavior and brain dynamics appear minutes before a breakthrough, offering a way to anticipate when inspiration will strike. Researchers who filmed expert problem-solvers working through very difficult mathematical problems report that ordinary, predictable patterns of action gave way to increasing unpredictability in the moments leading up to verbalized insight. The finding suggests creativity may be tracked in real time using tools from information theory, and it points to practical opportunities and ethical questions for educators, researchers and creative industries in Thailand and beyond.

In a field that prizes youth and raw speed, a surprising group of elite competitors actually get better or stay remarkably sharp well into their late 30s and 40s, and neuroscience is beginning to explain why. The latest analysis shows that repeated exposure to high-pressure competition, combined with targeted physical training, deliberate recovery and mental skills practice, rewires brain circuits and raises protective molecules that support learning, decision-making and stress control. For Thai readers asking “How can I stay mentally and physically sharp as I age?” the short answer is: train body and mind together, manage stress deliberately, prioritize sleep and practice skills that build anticipation and decision-making as much as raw power.

Scientific understanding of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is undergoing dramatic expansion, as researchers discover far-reaching effects that extend well beyond traditional attention and hyperactivity symptoms. A comprehensive review of twelve groundbreaking studies reveals unprecedented connections between ADHD and diverse life experiences including musical preferences, intimate relationships, brain development, memory patterns, creative expression, and most startlingly, life expectancy itself.

These emerging findings carry profound implications for Thailand’s healthcare system, where ADHD recognition and treatment remain limited despite affecting an estimated 6.5% of children in some provinces according to recent screening data. The research challenges clinicians to adopt holistic assessment approaches that examine patients’ complete life experiences rather than focusing solely on classroom behavior or workplace productivity measures.

Revolutionary neuroscience research demonstrates that dopamine, a crucial brain chemical, influences both rapid problem-solving and gradual habit formation in ways that could transform how Thai educators and clinicians approach learning and attention disorders.

The Discovery That Changes Everything

A comprehensive study involving 100 healthy young adults has uncovered dopamine’s previously misunderstood dual function in human learning. The research team employed sophisticated brain imaging techniques, behavioral assessments, and controlled medication trials to map how this essential neurotransmitter shapes two distinct cognitive systems.

A comprehensive multi-site investigation involving nearly 300 participants across six North American laboratories has delivered surprising results that challenge widespread beliefs about musical training’s effects on brain development. The findings have significant implications for Thai families, educators, and policymakers who have embraced music education based on claimed neurological advantages.

The Great Musical Brain Training Myth Examined

For years, parents worldwide—including many in Thailand—have enrolled children in music lessons partly believing that musical training enhances the brain’s fundamental sound processing abilities. This new research directly tests and challenges that assumption through rigorous scientific methodology previously unavailable to smaller studies.

Researchers report that musical training does not improve the brain’s earliest sound encoding. The finding challenges a common claim about musical benefits for early auditory processing (Large-scale multi-site study).

The result matters to parents who enroll children in music lessons. Many parents expect early music lessons to boost basic brain sound processing.

The study tested the idea that musicians have stronger early neural responses to speech sounds. The researchers used scalp-recorded frequency-following responses, or FFRs, to measure early auditory encoding (Large-scale multi-site study).

Researchers are finding ADHD affects many life areas beyond attention and impulsivity.
A recent review of 12 new studies highlights effects on music habits, sex, brain anatomy, memory, creativity and mortality (PsyPost).

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition.
It causes inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that begin in childhood for many people.

The new findings matter for Thailand.
They show clinicians must look beyond classic symptoms when they assess patients.

One study found adults with ADHD listen to stimulating background music more often.
Researchers suggest music helps people self-regulate attention during study or exercise (PsyPost).

A major new study shows dopamine helps both quick thinking and slow habit learning.
The finding may change how clinicians and educators approach attention and learning.

The research tested two core brain systems for learning.
Those systems are working memory and reinforcement learning.

Working memory holds small amounts of information for short times.
Reinforcement learning builds habits through repeated feedback over time.

Dopamine is a key brain chemical for reward and movement.
Researchers measured how dopamine affects each learning system.

A growing cohort of neuroscientists argues that the brain should no longer be treated as a simple machine with linear cause-and-effect parts, and that this shift could explain why so many people with depression fail to get lasting benefit from current treatments. Award-winning neuroscientist Nicole Rust says the brain behaves more like a dynamic, feedback-driven system—akin to a megacity or the weather—where genes, experience, thought patterns and social forces continuously shape one another. The shift from a linear “gene → brain → behaviour” model to a complex-systems view helps explain persistent treatment gaps and is already guiding new therapeutic research, including psychedelic-assisted therapies and network-based interventions that aim to break maladaptive loops rather than simply correct a single “faulty” component (Neuroscience needs a new paradigm).

New laboratory work shows neuropeptides — long neglected in favour of fast neurotransmitters — can act as primary messengers in distinct brain circuits for panic and fear, offering new drug and therapy targets for trauma-related disorders such as PTSD. Recent studies using novel genetically encoded sensors and circuit-specific manipulations identify a PACAP-driven panic pathway in the brainstem and peptide-dominated signalling in threat-learning circuits, while separate research implicates endocannabinoid action in stress-driven generalisation of fear memories. These advances explain why panic, conditioned fear and memory generalisation can behave differently, and point to concrete directions for Thai mental-health policy, clinical practice and research investment. ( Chemistry World feature: The chemistry of fear )

A large international study led from Aarhus University reports that unusually strong synchronization between the brain and the stomach’s slow electrical rhythm is linked with higher levels of anxiety, depression and perceived stress. Researchers scanned 243 people using fMRI together with electrogastrography and applied cross‑validated machine learning to show that increased fronto‑parietal coupling to the stomach’s roughly 20‑second rhythm indexed a dimensional signature of poorer mental health — challenging the idea that tighter body–brain coupling is always healthier and suggesting the stomach rhythm could become an objective biomarker for emotional distress (Neuroscience News summary) (preprint/full study).

Groundbreaking international research reveals that dopamine, the brain’s key neurotransmitter, orchestrates learning through two sophisticated pathways: rapidly enhancing effortful working-memory strategies while simultaneously boosting slower, trial-and-error reinforcement learning when pharmacologically increased. This comprehensive study, combining advanced brain imaging with medications commonly prescribed for ADHD treatment and sophisticated computational models, demonstrates that individual dopamine production levels predict learning strategy preferences, while methylphenidate (Ritalin) amplifies incremental learning processes and antipsychotic medications reduce working-memory dependence, according to Nature Communications research findings and specialized psychological research publications.

A new animal study suggests the hormone oxytocin does more than make us feel warm and trusting: it helps friendships form quickly and helps animals favor familiar companions while avoiding strangers. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, found that prairie voles genetically engineered to lack oxytocin receptors took far longer to prefer peers and were less selective in group settings, pointing to a dual role for oxytocin in promoting in-group affiliation and out-group avoidance (Neuroscience News summary of the study). The findings offer a clearer picture of the neurobiology behind friendship and raise cautious questions about how this knowledge might inform understanding of human social disorders and community wellbeing in Thailand and beyond (UC Berkeley news release).

A new study using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a frequency-focused algorithm called FREQ-NESS shows that even a simple, steady beat can reshape large-scale brain networks in seconds, shifting the balance from inward-focused circuits to sensory and memory systems and linking slow rhythms to fast gamma bursts that knit perception into memory. The finding, published in Advanced Science and highlighted by researchers at Aarhus University and the University of Oxford, offers a clearer picture of how rhythm drives brain dynamics and points to practical applications ranging from music therapy to smarter brain–computer interfaces in Thailand and beyond (Advanced Science paper).

A major international study shows the brain chemical dopamine plays a dual, sophisticated role in learning: it encourages fast, effortful working-memory strategies in some people while also boosting slower, trial-and-error reinforcement learning when dopamine is pharmacologically increased. The experiment combined brain imaging, drugs commonly used in ADHD treatment, and computational models to show that a person’s natural dopamine production predicts whether they lean on mental “scratchpad” strategies, while methylphenidate (Ritalin) amplifies incremental learning and an antipsychotic (sulpiride) reduces working-memory reliance (Nature Communications study) and was summarized in coverage of the findings (PsyPost summary).

Groundbreaking neuroscience research is revolutionizing our understanding of depression, revealing it as three distinct symptom clusters rather than a singular condition. These clusters — characterized by low mood, low motivation, or a combination of both — demonstrate unique brain activation patterns and respond differently to targeted therapeutic interventions.

This paradigm shift emerges from comprehensive analysis of UK Biobank data combined with advanced neuroimaging techniques by leading researchers at Washington University School of Medicine. Their findings challenge traditional one-size-fits-all treatment approaches, offering hope for more precise, personalized therapeutic strategies that could transform mental healthcare delivery in Thailand and across the globe.

Cutting-edge neuroscience research demonstrates that simple, steady beats can dramatically reorganize brain networks within seconds, fundamentally shifting neural balance from inward-focused circuits to sensory and memory systems while linking slow rhythms to rapid gamma bursts that weave perception into lasting memory. This groundbreaking study, utilizing advanced magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a revolutionary frequency-focused algorithm called FREQ-NESS, published in Advanced Science through collaborative research between Aarhus University and University of Oxford scientists, provides unprecedented insights into rhythm’s profound influence on brain dynamics with transformative applications for music therapy and brain-computer interfaces throughout Thailand and globally.

Within Thailand’s dynamic cities and serene villages, invisible chemical messengers orchestrate one of humanity’s most treasured experiences: friendship. Revolutionary research from the University of California, Berkeley, demonstrates that oxytocin—widely recognized as the “bonding hormone”—serves as nature’s social architect, dramatically accelerating relationship formation while simultaneously refining our preferences for familiar faces over strangers.

This breakthrough carries transformative implications for Thai society, where communal harmony and selective social bonds anchor cultural identity. Berkeley scientists examined prairie voles, extraordinary creatures mirroring human social behaviors through lifelong partnerships and friendships. When researchers genetically modified these animals to eliminate oxytocin receptors, a remarkable transformation unfolded: the voles became socially indifferent, requiring significantly more time to develop companion preferences and displaying diminished selectivity within group settings.

Revolutionary research reveals that people with ADHD don’t just use background music more frequently than their neurotypical peers—they make fundamentally different musical choices that appear to optimize their brain function for focus and productivity. A comprehensive study of 434 young adults demonstrates that individuals screening positive for ADHD consistently prefer stimulating, upbeat music during both cognitive tasks and physical activities, while neurotypical individuals gravitate toward relaxing, familiar instrumental tracks. Despite these contrasting preferences, both groups report similar improvements in concentration and mood when listening to their preferred musical styles.

New research suggests that sleep can amplify a tendency among anxious children and young adolescents to generalise negative experiences, meaning that a single upsetting event may be more likely to cast a wider shadow over similar, harmless situations after a night’s sleep. In a controlled experiment of 34 participants aged 9–14, higher clinician-rated anxiety was associated with a greater chance of falsely recognising new-but-similar negative images as previously seen — but only in the group that slept between learning and test (PsyPost coverage; Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry abstract) (PsyPost, PubMed record).