#Neuroscience

A wave of new neuroscience is reshaping how we think about sex differences in the brain. Leading researchers say while tiny biological differences exist, male and female brains are far more alike than once believed. This has important implications for education, health, and gender equality in Thailand and around the world.

For many years, stereotypes have linked logic and spatial ability to men, and empathy or nurturing to women. In Thai classrooms and workplaces, these ideas have influenced career choices and mental-health perceptions. Modern neuroscience suggests these labels oversimplify a complex picture. As a senior researcher from a national institute explains, there is no brain measure that cleanly separates male from female brains; distributions overlap across the board. If shown two brains—one from a man and one from a woman—it would be nearly impossible to distinguish them by structure alone.

A new study in Nature Reviews Neuroscience shows the brain does more than listen to music. It physically resonates with musical rhythms, shaping emotions, movement, and learning. This finding could transform neurological therapy, music education, and even how we design AI that understands human emotion. For Thailand, with music woven into temples, markets, schools, and festivals, the implications are especially meaningful.

In this research, a concept called Neural Resonance Theory (NRT) describes how the brain’s natural neural oscillations synchronize in real time with external music. Rather than simply predicting what comes next, the brain aligns its rhythms with beat, melody, and harmony. As a result, listening becomes a whole-body experience where perception, emotion, and movement are interconnected.

A wave of groundbreaking research is transforming our understanding of sex differences in the human brain, shaking loose centuries-old stereotypes about male and female cognition. According to leading neuroscientists, while certain biological differences exist, the reality is that male and female brains are far more alike than once believed—a message with deep significance for education, health, and gender equality in Thailand and beyond (VICE).

For generations, popular culture and even some scientific claims have painted male brains as inherently more logical or spatially gifted, while female brains are seen as more emotional or nurturing. These ideas continue to echo through Thai classrooms, workplaces, and family discussions, influencing everything from career choices to mental health stigma. But modern neuroscience is dismantling such binary thinking. As Dr. Armin Raznahan of the US National Institute of Mental Health explains, “I’m not aware of any measure you can make of the human brain where the male and female distributions don’t overlap.” In fact, according to Raznahan, if you were shown two brains—one from a male, one from a female—it would be nearly impossible to tell them apart based solely on structure.

A groundbreaking new study published in Nature Reviews Neuroscience has revealed that our experience of music goes far beyond mere listening — the human brain and body physically resonate with musical rhythms in a way that shapes everything from emotional states to bodily movement. The discovery is poised to transform fields as diverse as neurological therapy, music education, and even artificial intelligence, with implications that reach right into daily life and the vibrant cultural landscape of Thailand.

A growing consensus among computational neuroscientists and AI researchers is that artificial intelligence is not a direct replica of the human brain. That distinction isn’t a flaw; it’s an invitation to new frontiers in technology and science. The latest reflections come from a broader conversation sparked by research and journalism across leading institutions, underscoring how AI can be optimized while deepening our understanding of human cognition.

Thai readers have watched AI tools become integral to healthcare, education, and everyday life. Yet new insights remind us that AI’s powers rest on models that simplify how the brain works, even as they enable remarkable capabilities. The results invite a practical view: AI can boost efficiency and problem-solving without claiming to replicate human thinking, emotion, or memory.

Recent research published in Quanta Magazine reveals a growing consensus among computational neuroscientists and artificial intelligence (AI) researchers: AI, despite its name and inspiration, is fundamentally unlike the human brain—but that’s not a flaw, it’s an opportunity for new frontiers in both technology and neuroscience. This divergence, explored in the article “AI Is Nothing Like a Brain, and That’s OK” (Quanta Magazine, 2025), is now informing efforts to both make AI more efficient and gain deeper understanding of our own minds.

A major meta-analysis from researchers at the Max Planck Institute has produced the most detailed map yet of how the brain engages with reading. By synthesizing findings from 163 prior studies, the review clarifies that reading recruits a broad neural network—primarily in the left hemisphere—rather than a single “reading center.” The study, published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, offers insights that can influence classroom practices and interventions for reading difficulties in Thailand and beyond. Data from leading research institutes shows that reading involves complex coordination from letters to full texts.

A new imaging method promises a leap forward for brain-body research with a high-resolution, minimally invasive look at the brainstem’s hub for body-signal processing. Researchers say D-PSCAN reveals the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) in living animals without disturbing the cerebellum, offering a clearer view of how bodily signals shape mood and mental health. This advancement could transform how depression and related disorders are diagnosed and treated, and it has clear relevance for Thai clinicians seeking innovative tools.

A wave of new neuroscience research is reshaping long-standing beliefs about differences between male and female brains. Advances in high-resolution brain imaging and AI analysis reveal a more nuanced picture with substantial overlap across sexes. For Thailand, these findings carry important implications for education, health, and social policy.

For decades, stereotypes—such as men being naturally more logical and women more emotional or less spatial—have influenced classrooms and workplaces. Leading neuroscientists say these binaries are increasingly unsupported by evidence. As one senior expert from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health explains, brain measurements typically show overlapping distributions between genders. In practical terms, a brain from a male and a brain from a female would be very hard to distinguish based on structure alone. This perspective appears in recent research discussions and reflects a broader shift in how scientists view gender and cognition.

In a significant leap forward for neuroscience, researchers have unveiled a revolutionary imaging technique that allows high-resolution, minimally invasive observation of the brainstem’s critical hub for processing bodily signals—a discovery with the potential to transform treatment for depression and other mental health disorders. The new approach, called D-PSCAN, opens an unprecedented window onto the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), a deep-brain structure that integrates signals from the body and helps regulate emotions and overall mental health (Neuroscience News).

A wave of new neuroscience research is challenging centuries-old stereotypes about the fundamental differences between male and female brains, revealing a far more nuanced and overlapping landscape than previously assumed. This comes as modern brain imaging and artificial intelligence (AI) analyses provide the most detailed look yet at the structure and function of human brains—questioning deeply rooted ideas about gender and intellect. The findings carry real implications for how Thai society understands intelligence, gender, and health, as well as for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions.

A sweeping new meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences has produced the most detailed map yet of the brain activity involved in reading, revealing distinct patterns of neural engagement for everything from individual letters to full texts. Summarizing findings from 163 previous studies, the review—recently published in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews—offers a nuanced framework that could influence education strategies and interventions for reading difficulties worldwide, including in Thailand (medicalxpress.com).

In a discovery that stretches the boundaries of memory research, scientists have recently shed light on “jamais vu”—the rare and unsettling feeling that something deeply familiar suddenly appears strange or unrecognizable. While most Thais are familiar with the spine-tingling phenomenon of déjà vu, the eerie sense that one has lived through a moment before, its lesser-known counterpart, jamais vu, proves to be even more uncanny, and researchers say it holds important clues to the workings of the human brain (ScienceAlert).

Researchers have uncovered new insights into jamais vu, the unsettling feeling that something familiar suddenly looks unfamiliar. While deja vu is well known in Thai culture, jamais vu is rarer and oddly more disorienting. Scientists say this phenomenon can illuminate how our brain checks reality and prevents us from slipping into automatic thoughts.

In a study that earned an Ig Nobel Prize in literature, participants were asked to repeat simple words like “door” or “the.” After about a minute, roughly 70% of people reported a strong sense of unfamiliarity and stopped voluntarily, describing experiences such as a word that “doesn’t seem right” or feeling as if it’s not really a word. The findings suggest jamais vu can reveal how our cognitive system verifies meaning and prevents us from drifting through routine without awareness.

A comprehensive meta-analysis from the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences maps how the brain processes written language. By reviewing 163 brain-imaging studies, researchers identify distinct brain regions activated at different reading levels—from letters to full texts. The work, summarized in Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, offers insights with implications for education, mental health, and literacy initiatives in Thailand and beyond.

For Thailand, literacy is a cornerstone of development. National policies emphasize reading proficiency as a driver of social mobility and economic opportunity. Yet functional literacy remains uneven, especially in rural areas and among learners with difficulties. Understanding how the brain decodes written language can guide new strategies to support diverse learners and close gaps in access and achievement.

A new meta-analysis by the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences offers the most detailed understanding to date of how our brains process written language—a development with profound implications for education, mental health, and addressing literacy challenges in Thailand and worldwide. Published in the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, the study summarizes decades of neuroscience research, analyzing data from 163 brain imaging studies to construct a highly detailed map of the brain regions activated during different types of reading tasks, from letters and words to sentences and passages.

A recent study reveals how brain networks and social bonds shape why some people are more inclined to help others. While the research used rats, its insights illuminate human prosocial behavior and how generosity strengthens communities, families, and friendships. For Thai readers, the findings echo everyday kindness—from small hospitality gestures to widespread aid after disasters.

Thai culture places a high value on social harmony, kindness, and generosity. Yet not everyone acts with the same frequency or intensity. The study, published in a leading neuroscience journal by researchers at Tel Aviv University, suggests that helping may be partly hardwired in the brain and influenced by social bonding and the hormone oxytocin, often called the “social bonding” chemical. In the experiments, rats faced a choice to free a trapped peer. Most helped, but roughly one in three did not, reflecting dynamics familiar in human groups.

A groundbreaking study published in Nature has delivered unexpected results in the scientific quest for understanding consciousness, challenging two of the most prominent theories about its origins and offering fresh insights with potential to reshape clinical neuroscience worldwide. The findings reveal that neither Integrated Information Theory (IIT) nor Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT)—the cornerstones of modern consciousness research—can fully account for how human conscious experience arises, redirecting scientific focus to the brain’s sensory areas and raising critical implications for patient care and brain injury diagnosis (Neuroscience News).

A major sleep study has shown that lucid dreaming is not merely a vivid REM dream, but a distinct state of consciousness with unique brain activity. Published in a leading neuroscience journal, the findings deepen our understanding of the mind and hint at practical applications for cognitive growth and mental health—potentially extending beyond sleep.

Lucid dreaming—the experience of being aware within a dream and often guiding its events—has long fascinated researchers and the public. In Thailand, where dream interpretation blends folklore and spirituality, lucid dreaming holds particular cultural resonance. For years, scientists considered lucid dreaming as part of REM sleep, characterized by high brain activity and vivid imagery. The new international study challenges this view and broadens the scope of consciousness research.

A recent Nature study reshapes thinking on consciousness by challenging the two leading theories and focusing attention on the brain’s sensory regions. The work, conducted with a large, diverse group of participants and led by researchers from a major research institution, suggests that neither Integrated Information Theory (IIT) nor Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT) alone can fully explain conscious experience. The findings emphasize sensory processing as a core driver of awareness, with important implications for patient care and brain-injury diagnosis in Thailand and beyond.

A new study has revealed that lucid dreaming is not simply a vivid form of REM sleep, but constitutes an entirely unique state of consciousness—one with neurological hallmarks that set it apart from both waking and ordinary dreaming. This major breakthrough in sleep science, published in The Journal of Neuroscience, offers tantalising implications for understanding the human mind and may one day help people harness more of their cognitive potential—even outside of sleep.

A recent study has unlocked key insights into the brain mechanisms behind why some individuals are more inclined to help others, highlighting the powerful role of social bonding and neural responses. The findings, based on experiments with rats, provide a scientific window into the roots of prosocial behavior—those acts of kindness and assistance that strengthen communities, families, and friendships. For Thai readers, these results could help explain the diversity of helpfulness observed in daily life, from simple acts of hospitality to the outpouring of aid during national disasters.

A new study suggests preschoolers’ brains respond differently to live storytelling than to screen-based stories, with live, in-person reading engaging social and emotional brain networks more strongly. Researchers used non-invasive brain imaging to compare neural activity during a traditional book reading with a prerecorded digital story accompanied by images. The findings point to meaningful differences in early social and cognitive development, with potential implications for Thai families and educators.

In Thailand, where family bonds and communal learning hold cultural importance, the study resonates as screens become more common in homes and classrooms. As Covid-era screen time rose and traditional book-reading habits declined, educators seek to understand how best to nurture social skills, language, and concentration in young children.

A groundbreaking new study has found that preschool children’s brains respond differently when stories are shared through live book reading versus on a screen, suggesting that how children experience stories may impact key aspects of their social and cognitive development. The research, published in the journal Developmental Science, used advanced neuroimaging technology to observe children’s brain activity during both types of storytelling—a live reading from a book and a recorded story paired with images on a screen (PsyPost).