#SoutheastAsia

Southeast Asia’s post‑pandemic tourism rebound has been powerful but patchy, with major markets returning to roughly 80–100 percent of 2019 visitor levels while showing widely different trajectories this year. The six largest destinations — Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines — together received about 114 million international visitors in 2024, roughly 89 percent of 2019 levels, yet patterns since then point to a region recovering unevenly and, in some cases, cooling again (The Diplomat explainer).

The morning mist lifts from Wat Pho’s golden spires as another stream of international visitors begins exploring Bangkok’s ancient temples. Yet behind these familiar scenes, Thailand’s tourism industry faces a complex reality that mirrors broader challenges across Southeast Asia.

Thailand stands as the region’s undisputed tourism leader, welcoming 35 million international visitors in 2024—a remarkable recovery that outpaces most regional competitors. However, this achievement masks underlying vulnerabilities that could reshape the kingdom’s tourism landscape in 2025 and beyond.

Chongqing’s sudden rise from an industrial inland hub to a global “cyberpunk” tourism phenomenon has pushed the sprawling, multilayered “Mountain City” onto international travel radars — driven by neon-lit nightscapes, viral social media clips and big-ticket infrastructure that make it easier than ever for visitors from Southeast Asia to arrive. The city that feels, in the words of one visitor, like “peering into the future” is already seeing inbound arrivals surge: official figures and multiple travel operators report dramatic year-on-year increases in foreign visitors after China’s reopening and visa-policy rollouts, while a newly opened super-hub rail station and a host of curated tours are turning viral feeds into ticket sales and hotel bookings for travellers, including many from Thailand and neighbouring countries (CNN; iChongqing).

Chongqing’s meteoric transformation from obscure industrial center to global tourism sensation represents one of Asia’s most dramatic destination success stories, as the sprawling “Mountain City” leverages its otherworldly vertical architecture, neon-drenched nightscapes, and viral social media appeal to attract unprecedented numbers of international visitors. The megacity that appears, in the words of mesmerized travelers, like “peering into the future” has experienced explosive growth in foreign arrivals following China’s post-pandemic reopening and strategic visa policy liberalization, with official statistics documenting year-over-year increases measured in hundreds of percentage points. Sophisticated infrastructure investments, including the recently unveiled Chongqing East high-speed rail station—one of the world’s largest railway facilities—are converting online fascination into tangible tourist revenue while creating seamless connectivity for Southeast Asian travelers. Most importantly for Thai readers, Chongqing combines short-haul flight accessibility with visa-free entry policies and highly distinctive experiences including monorails threading through residential buildings, cliffside escalators, labyrinthine multilevel streets, and fiery hotpot culture that offers compelling alternatives to traditional Chinese tourism circuits centered on Beijing and Shanghai.

Southeast Asian students are suddenly at the center of a global tug‑of‑war over talent. Governments from Australia to Norway are rewriting rules and budgets to pull in learners from ASEAN, while Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are rolling out ambitious targets and post‑study work routes to keep students in the region. A new report by DW synthesizes these moves and the intensifying competition for international enrollments, underscoring that Southeast Asia has become the third‑largest source region for outbound students globally. For Thai families weighing where to study, and for Thai universities deciding how to compete, the landscape is changing fast—and in their favor if they act quickly and strategically.

An extraordinary global competition has erupted for Southeast Asian students, transforming international higher education recruitment into a high-stakes diplomatic and economic battleground. Universities across continents are dismantling decades-old admission policies and launching multi-million-dollar campaigns specifically targeting ASEAN learners, recognizing Southeast Asia as the world’s third-largest source of mobile students. This unprecedented shift represents far more than simple enrollment competition—it signals a fundamental realignment of global academic power that positions Thai students and institutions at the center of a transformative opportunity. Recent comprehensive analysis reveals that governments from Australia to Germany are implementing radical policy changes, offering unprecedented scholarships, and creating entirely new pathways designed exclusively for Southeast Asian applicants. For Thai families contemplating international education and Thai universities seeking global partnerships, this moment presents both remarkable opportunities and critical strategic decisions that will shape educational trajectories for the next generation.

Ancient human species were island-hopping in Asia over a million years ago, according to new research published in Nature and highlighted by UK’s Natural History Museum—a finding that revolutionizes our understanding of human migration and adaptation in the prehistoric world. Researchers have uncovered stone tools in Sulawesi, Indonesia, dated between 1 and 1.5 million years ago, pointing to a mysterious lineage of ancient humans who reached Southeast Asia’s remote Wallacean islands far earlier than previously believed. These discoveries not only challenge existing theories on early human dispersal, but also underscore the resilience and ingenuity of ancient hominins in overcoming formidable natural barriers.

Chongqing, a sprawling metropolis in southwestern China famously dubbed the “cyberpunk city,” is witnessing a tourism renaissance as its futuristic architecture, dramatic landscapes and viral online presence propel it onto the global stage. Once bypassed in favor of more established Chinese destinations, Chongqing has rapidly become a must-see city for international visitors, with inbound tourism figures smashing records and transforming the local economy.

For many international travelers, images and videos of Chongqing circulating on social media platforms have sparked curiosity about its labyrinthine streets, multilevel skyscrapers, and dazzling neon nightscapes. According to a recent CNN report, the city is so vertically layered and intertwined that one visiting vlogger described it as “peering into the future,” while others have called it “China’s 8D city” in reference to its multidimensional urban design. This renaissance is not merely of viral interest—official statistics reveal real and sustained momentum: Chongqing received 1.3 million inbound tourists in 2024, representing a staggering year-on-year increase of 184%. In early 2025, inbound foreign arrivals through city ports spiked another 60%, cementing the city’s newfound global appeal.

A visually stunning Chinese metropolis embodying futuristic science fiction aesthetics has dramatically emerged as the world’s most sought-after urban tourism destination, attracting unprecedented numbers of international visitors eager to experience Chongqing’s breathtaking vertical architecture, innovative transportation networks, and luminous cyberpunk landscapes that fundamentally challenge traditional concepts of city tourism and destination marketing. This southwestern Chinese megacity has achieved remarkable transformation from relative international obscurity to viral global fame through strategically amplified social media content showcasing its architectural marvels and urban innovations, generating an extraordinary one hundred eighty-four percent surge in foreign visitor arrivals that has revolutionized local economic opportunities while establishing groundbreaking models for authentic urban character combined with digital storytelling. The Chongqing phenomenon provides invaluable strategic insights for Thailand’s tourism development initiatives, as destination management professionals worldwide analyze how genuine cultural authenticity, innovative urban planning, and sophisticated social media engagement create sustainable competitive advantages that attract discerning travelers seeking meaningful experiences beyond conventional tourist attractions.

An environmental crisis of unprecedented scale now engulfs Southeast Asia as China’s systematic closure of polluting industries has triggered massive relocation of contaminating manufacturing operations, overwhelming waste processing systems and toxic material disposal infrastructure throughout the region. This industrial exodus, representing a troubling evolution of traditional economic development patterns, delivers substantial employment opportunities alongside devastating environmental consequences that threaten public health and ecological stability across Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. China’s enforcement of stringent environmental regulations since 2018 has compelled thousands of polluting enterprises to seek alternative operational bases in Southeast Asian nations with weaker regulatory oversight, effectively exporting environmental degradation rather than eliminating harmful industrial practices entirely.

Seven weathered stone tools discovered deep within Sulawesi’s ancient sediments have fundamentally transformed scientific understanding of human intelligence and maritime capabilities, revealing that prehistoric ancestors successfully navigated Indonesia’s treacherous ocean barriers more than one million years ago. This extraordinary archaeological breakthrough, recently published in Nature, extends confirmed evidence of early human presence in Southeast Asia by an unprecedented 800,000 years, forcing researchers worldwide to completely reconsider when our ancestors first developed the sophisticated cognitive abilities necessary for deliberate ocean crossings. The discovery provides revolutionary insights into prehistoric problem-solving capabilities, demonstrating that unknown human relatives possessed remarkable planning skills and technological innovation that enabled systematic colonization of isolated islands across some of Earth’s most challenging oceanic terrain.

A new wave of relocating industries, dubbed the “new flying geese,” is bringing both foreign capital and mounting waste to Southeast Asia as China tightens its environmental regulations. This phenomenon, highlighted in a recent Nikkei Asia opinion article, signals a momentous shift in regional manufacturing that may reshape Southeast Asia’s economies and environment for years to come.

The “flying geese paradigm” originally described how industrialization travels in formation from advanced economies to less-developed ones—first from Japan, and more recently from China to Southeast Asia. Today, as China ramps up its enforcement on pollution and waste, manufacturers and recycling businesses—long byproducts of foreign investment—are relocating their operations to Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. This move is accompanied not just by new jobs and capital inflows but also by an influx of plastic, electronic, and other hazardous wastes in their wake (CFR; National Geographic).

Southeast Asia’s urban centres are facing unprecedented challenges as they attempt to finance the transition to sustainable, resilient, and climate-friendly cities, according to the latest analysis by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The report—“Financing Sustainable Cities in Southeast Asia”—delves into the critical question of how city governments in the rapidly urbanising ASEAN-5 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) can marshal the investments necessary to achieve their ambitious sustainability agendas. Against a backdrop of rising carbon emissions, increased climate risks, and mounting infrastructure needs, the report’s findings have major implications for cities across the region, including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and other key Thai urban areas.

Southeast Asia’s urban transformation stands at a critical crossroads, with cities across the region—including Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and emerging Thai metropolitan areas—facing an unprecedented financing crisis that threatens their sustainable development ambitions. A groundbreaking analysis by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reveals how rapidly growing ASEAN cities are struggling to secure the massive investments required to combat climate change, manage urban growth, and build resilient infrastructure systems. For Thailand, these findings expose fundamental weaknesses in municipal finance structures that could determine whether the kingdom’s cities evolve into sustainable models or become cautionary tales of missed environmental opportunities.

A devastating wave of technologically advanced cybercrime operations has transformed Southeast Asia into the epicenter of a global digital fraud epidemic, with criminal syndicates orchestrating billion-dollar theft schemes while exploiting vulnerable workers through human trafficking networks. This escalating crisis directly threatens Thailand’s economic stability, digital transformation goals, and citizen safety, as sophisticated criminal organizations leverage regional connectivity and regulatory gaps to build unprecedented fraud empires that target both Thai nationals and international victims.

A recent surge in highly organized online scams running out of Southeast Asia has escalated into what experts are calling a global “scamdemic,” with billions of dollars stolen, hundreds of thousands of victims, and entire communities in Thailand and across the region at risk. The phenomenon, driven largely by transnational criminal networks, is now recognized as a crisis threatening personal safety, national security, and international cooperation.

What began as a relatively contained problem has exploded in scale and complexity, fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, regulatory loopholes, and advances in digital communications. According to a report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), fraud syndicates run primarily by Chinese organized crime have set up scam hubs in countries including Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and the Philippines, with operations increasingly targeting Thais and foreigners alike (VOA News). These criminal enterprises lure job seekers with false promises, only to force them into working in call center-like factories under threats of violence and, in some cases, death.

Southeast Asia’s dynamic cities are at the forefront of the global push toward sustainability, but a new report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) sheds light on daunting obstacles facing city governments as they work to build cleaner, more inclusive, and climate-resilient urban environments. As detailed in the OECD’s latest publication, “Financing Sustainable Cities in Southeast Asia” (OECD), Southeast Asia’s urban population is rising rapidly, placing unprecedented pressure on sanitation, housing, transportation, and climate adaptation measures—yet local authorities struggle to marshal the funding, expertise, and institutional backing needed to deliver ambitious green infrastructure.

Urban centers across Southeast Asia confront an unprecedented challenge as they struggle to finance the green infrastructure necessary for sustainable development and climate resilience. A comprehensive analysis by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reveals that while Southeast Asian cities lead ambitious sustainability initiatives, local governments lack the financial resources, institutional capacity, and policy frameworks needed to transform urban environments at the pace required by growing populations and climate threats. This funding crisis threatens to derail regional progress toward international commitments including the Paris Agreement and Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development.

Interest among Southeast Asian travelers in visiting the United States is showing a marked decline, with a new survey finding that one in four respondents has lost enthusiasm for US-bound tourism over the past six months. The results, drawn from a major poll by Milieu Insight involving 6,000 travelers from Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia, highlight rising anxieties over potential discrimination, actions by the Trump administration, and fears of gun violence—factors that have begun eclipsing traditional concerns around cost or lengthy journeys (e.vnexpress.net).

Southeast Asia is swiftly gaining recognition as a dynamic epicentre for global innovation and risk capital, no longer just a region of “potential” but a real-world laboratory where data, technology, and diverse cultures converge at an unprecedented scale. As global demand for artificial intelligence (AI) infrastructure skyrockets, the region is attracting billions in investment and new interest from the East and West, positioning itself at the very heart of the world’s digital economy.

Bhutan has emerged as a global leader in tech-savvy tourism by launching the world’s first nationwide, government-backed crypto payment system, aiming to fundamentally reshape the visitor experience in this Himalayan kingdom. As of May 2025, nearly every aspect of a traveler’s stay in Bhutan – from visa fees and flights, to hotels, meals, and even entry into centuries-old dzongs – can now be paid for with digital currencies like Bitcoin via a seamless service jointly launched by Binance Pay and Bhutan’s state-owned DK Bank, as detailed in a recent SCMP exclusive.

Experience-based tourism has taken center stage in Japan’s ongoing efforts to boost inbound travel spending, as foreign visitors are increasingly shifting their expenditure from luxury shopping to meaningful, immersive activities. According to the latest analysis reported by The Japan Times, Japan’s inbound tourism numbers soared to a record 21,518,100 in the first half of 2025, reaching the 20-million milestone in just six months—a feat unprecedented in the country’s history (Japan Times). Yet, despite this remarkable surge, the spending habits of international tourists are evolving, with a marked decline in purchases of high-end goods and a corresponding rise in demand for authentic, hands-on travel experiences.

A new wave of hospitality is sweeping across Asia as hotels embrace their roles as dynamic art galleries, offering guests immersive cultural experiences alongside luxury accommodation. From Bangkok to Hanoi and Hong Kong to Tokyo, leading hotels are commissioning local and international artists, drawing inspiration from regional heritage, and even involving guests in the creative process, according to a recent overview in Luxury Travel Magazine (luxurytravelmagazine.com). This trend is not only enriching guest stays but also building deeper connections to local culture and supporting the region’s creative industries.

Thailand’s tourism industry, long reliant on a steady influx of Chinese travellers, is now undergoing a major strategic shift as arrivals from China continue to disappoint, prompting the kingdom to intensify efforts to attract visitors from Southeast Asia and the Middle East. Recent statements from the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) reveal that the agency has lowered its 2025 forecast for foreign arrivals to 35 million—a significant drop from the previous target of 40 million—due primarily to the underwhelming recovery of the Chinese market. This new reality is reshaping both marketing and investment priorities for Thailand’s second-largest economic sector, with implications for businesses, workers, and communities nationwide (South China Morning Post; Bloomberg).