#Stimulants

Millions of children in the United States are diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the vast majority are prescribed stimulant medications such as Ritalin and Adderall. However, a new wave of research reported by NPR and detailed in The New York Times Magazine raises pressing questions about the effectiveness and long-term consequences of these treatments, as well as the very nature of ADHD itself (NPR, 2025).

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) revealed last year that more than 11% of American children had received an ADHD diagnosis—a record high, and a dramatic increase from the early 1990s figure of just 2 million. In 14-year-old boys, the rate soars to 21%. These statistics portray a nation deeply invested in identifying—and medicating—children with ADHD. But why are diagnoses rising, and are treatments truly serving those diagnosed?

A growing debate over ADHD medications is reshaping how clinicians, educators, and parents view attention challenges. New reporting highlights questions about long-term benefits and potential risks of stimulant drugs like methylphenidate and amphetamine-based medicines. While these medications can produce quick improvements in focus and behavior, experts warn that lasting academic gains are not guaranteed and that ADHD itself may reflect a mix of biological and environmental factors.

In many places, including Thailand, ADHD diagnoses are rising. Health authorities emphasize careful assessment to distinguish ADHD from anxiety, trauma, and learning difficulties. Data from researchers suggests that three out of four children diagnosed with ADHD also have another related issue, underscoring the need for a holistic approach. Some scholars argue that ADHD symptoms exist on a spectrum and may not represent a fixed, lifelong brain disorder.

A major international analysis published in The Lancet Psychiatry finds that ADHD medications generally cause only minor cardiovascular effects, mainly small increases in heart rate and blood pressure. The study, led by researchers from the University of Southampton, reviewed data from 102 clinical trials involving more than 22,700 participants worldwide. It compared stimulant and non-stimulant ADHD treatments, concluding that while small heart-related changes occur, the overall benefits of these medicines often surpass the risks.

A comprehensive new analysis, published in The Lancet Psychiatry, underscores that medications prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) generally induce minor impacts on cardiovascular health, mostly characterized by slight elevations in heart rate and blood pressure. Conducted by an international team led by the University of Southampton, this large study evaluated data from 102 clinical trials involving over 22,702 participants globally, comparing both stimulant and non-stimulant medications used to treat ADHD. The news from this research provides a balanced view, suggesting that while there are small cardiovascular effects, the broader benefits of these medications often outweigh such risks.